What is Gestational Diabetes?
Gestational diabetes or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy when blood sugar levels get too high. It affects roughly 11% of Nigerian women.
Most women who develop gestational diabetes did not have diabetes before pregnancy, and in the majority of cases, blood sugar levels return to normal after giving birth. However, having had gestational diabetes increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. In fact, studies suggest that nearly 50% of women with gestational diabetes will develop type 2 diabetes within 5 to 10 years after childbirth.
Understanding Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin to cope with the added demands of pregnancy, including a growing baby and changing hormone levels. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels. When the body does not produce enough insulin during pregnancy, blood sugar levels can become elevated.
High blood sugar levels during pregnancy can lead to several complications for both the mother and baby:
- Preeclampsia: Gestational diabetes increases the risk of developing preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high blood pressure during pregnancy, which can be dangerous for both mother and baby. According to the World Health Organization, preeclampsia affects 2% to 8% of pregnancies globally.
- Abnormal Blood Sugar in the Baby: Babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes can have abnormally low blood sugar levels at birth, which may require immediate medical intervention.
- Large Baby Size (Macrosomia): Elevated blood sugar levels can cause the baby to grow larger than average, which occurs in about 15% to 45% of pregnancies with gestational diabetes. Larger babies increase the likelihood of a cesarean section or complications during vaginal delivery, potentially leading to birth injuries.
- Future Health Risks: Both mother and child are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and heart disease later in life. The child may also be at risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome as they grow older.
Reducing the Risk of Gestational Diabetes
There are steps that pregnant women can take to reduce their risk of developing gestational diabetes:
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: Women who are overweight or obese before pregnancy are more likely to develop gestational diabetes. Studies show that losing even 5% to 7% of body weight before pregnancy can significantly lower the risk.
- Healthy Diet and Exercise: Eating a balanced diet rich in fiber, vegetables, and whole grains while limiting processed and high-sugar foods is essential. Physical activity also helps improve insulin sensitivity. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, pregnant women should aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity each week.
Living with Gestational Diabetes
Many women can manage their gestational diabetes effectively through lifestyle changes. Here’s how you can manage it:
- Diet and Physical Activity: A healthy diet plays a key role in controlling blood sugar levels. A registered dietitian can help create a meal plan that ensures you get the nutrients needed without spiking blood sugar. Physical activity, such as walking or swimming, can help lower blood glucose levels as well.
- Medication: If diet and exercise are not enough to control blood sugar levels, medication may be necessary. Approximately 20% to 25% of women with gestational diabetes will need insulin or oral medications to manage their blood sugar during pregnancy. Insulin is safe during pregnancy and helps keep glucose levels within a healthy range.
- Monitoring Blood Sugar Levels: Checking blood sugar levels regularly with a glucose meter is crucial for managing gestational diabetes. Keeping your blood sugar within target levels helps ensure a healthy pregnancy. According to the American Diabetes Association, keeping fasting blood glucose levels under 95 mg/dL and one-hour post-meal levels under 140 mg/dL can help minimize risks.
The Importance of Managing Gestational Diabetes
Managing gestational diabetes is vital for the well-being of both the mother and the baby. Studies show that women with poorly controlled gestational diabetes are at a higher risk of delivering prematurely, and their babies may need specialized care immediately after birth. Proper management also reduces the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes later in life, allowing both mother and child to live healthier lives.
Conclusion
Gestational diabetes is a common pregnancy-related condition that requires careful management. Through healthy eating, regular physical activity, and medical support, when necessary, many women can keep their blood sugar levels under control.
If you’re pregnant or planning to become pregnant, talk to your healthcare provider about ways to reduce your risk. Early detection and management can make a big difference for both you and your baby, ensuring a healthy pregnancy and reducing future health risks. Book an appointment with our gynecologist.